La décision du Conseil constitutionnel n° 1/C/2024 du 15 février 2024 a définitivement fermé la parenthèse de la volonté du régime en place de procéder à un rallongement du mandat présidentiel à travers une loi constitutionnelle. La clause intangible relative à la durée a été bien sauvegardée par le juge constitutionnel en apportant une limite matérielle à la souveraineté du pouvoir constituant dérivé.
Il s’y ajoute que le décret illégal du président de la République abrogeant celui portant convocation du corps électoral a été rendu inopérant en relevant son défaut de base légale. Ce qui a conduit à son annulation.
Le conseil constitutionnel ordonnant la jonction et statuant par une seule et même décision a rendu un grand service à la démocratie et à l’Etat de droit en freinant toutes velléités de tentatives de contournement d’une clause intangible consacrée dans la charte fondamentale de notre pays.
Cependant l’expression « dans les meilleurs délais » qu’utilise le Conseil constitutionnel dans ladite décision pour dégager l’horizon de désignation d’une date pour la tenue de l’élection présidentielle, entraîne de notre part des remarques de jure.
Les juges du Conseil constitutionnel ne peuvent pas ignorer que les dispositions combinées des articles L63 al 2 du code électoral et 31 al 1 de la constitution ne donne pas le choix aux autorités compétentes pour respecter la durée du mandat du Président de la République.
L’article 31 al 1 de la constitution dispose que : « Le scrutin pour l’élection du Président de la République a lieu quarante-cinq jours francs au plus et trente jours francs au moins avant la date de l’expiration du mandat du Président de la République en fonction. »
Quant à l’article L63 al2, il dispose que « Le scrutin ne dure qu’un seul jour et a lieu un dimanche. »
Le cumul des deux articles ne permet pas au conseil constitutionnel d’utiliser l’expression « les meilleurs délais » après avoir écarté la date du 25 février initialement retenue.
Il n’y a pas une période de délais élastiques qui peut permettre de faire le choix parmi les meilleurs d’entre eux. Il n’y a qu’un seul délai déjà fixé par les dispositions pertinentes susvisées.
C’est un dimanche conformément aux dispositions de l’article L63 al2 et en l’espèce le délai qui ne peut être dépassé est le dernier délai de la fourchette légale de l’article 31 al 1 c’est-à-dire « trente jours francs au moins avant la date de l’expiration du mandat du Président de la République en fonction ».
Cette date correspond au dimanche 3 Mars 2024. Il n’y a pas une autre date possible sans que cela ne viole la constitution et la loi portant code électoral.
« Le meilleur délai » s’entend alors et en se référant sur ce qui précède, en un délai impératif qui doit respecter les dispositions combinées des articles L63 al 2 du code électoral et 31 al 1 de la constitution, qui exigent que le scrutin de l’élection présidentielle ne dépasse pas la date du 3 mars prochaine.
Une nouvelle violation de la constitution entraînera une autre impasse contre laquelle le Conseil constitutionnel pouvait nous prémunir en maintenant la date initialement retenue ou en précisant la fourchette de l’article 31 qui exige la tenue de l’élection présidentielle au plus tard le 3 mars 2024.
Cependant, ce terme bien qu’usité à la place d’une formulation beaucoup plus précise, ne peut pas permettre d’ouvrir une brèche de report indéfini de l’élection.
Le Conseil constitutionnel a été, par ailleurs, particulièrement clair sur la nécessité de respecter la durée du mandat présidentiel et a rappelé qu’il a déjà décidé « que la durée du mandat du Président de la République ne peut être réduite ou allongée au gré des circonstances politiques, quel que soit l’objectif poursuivi ; que le mandat du président la République ne peut être prorogé en vertu des dispositions de l’article 103 précité ; que la date de l’élection ne peut être reportée au-delà de la durée du mandat »
Par conséquent, aucune discussion ou dialogue « au gré des circonstances politiques, quel que soit l’objectif poursuivi » ne peut rallonger le mandat présidentiel.
L’élection doit se tenir le 3 mars 2024 sans quoi la violation de l’article 31 nous ramènera à la case de départ.
Ne l’oublions pas : Le Conseil constitutionnel vient de déclarer irrecevable une modification de l’article 31 de la constitution dans sa décision n 1/c/2024 pour cause de violation d’une clause intangible relative à la durée.
Il serait donc étonnant de ramener ce même article devant le législateur pour sa modification afin de contourner les délais déjà établis qui imposent aux autorités compétentes la date du 3 mars 2024. Un projet ou proposition de loi que le Conseil constitutionnel considérera comme étant évidemment et sans surprise non conforme à la constitution, à travers le contrôle a priori.
Dans une récente contribution nous parlions de l’impasse où nous avait volontairement installé le Président Macky Sall en créant une situation de non-droit.
Le Conseil constitutionnel ne nous en sort pas en n’incluant pas dans sa décision définitive, une option ferme sur le délai incompressible. Il remet ainsi le jeu entre les mains de l’unique responsable de cette situation inédite en faisant appel à sa compétence (« autorité compétente ») dans la recherche de meilleurs délais alors que la loi est claire et sans équivoque.
En tout état de cause et conformément à la décision motivée du Conseil constitutionnel sur le respect de la durée du mandat du président de la République, le 2 Avril prochain est la date de fin de mandat du Président Macky Sall.
Qu’il en soit ainsi pour l’exemple et pour la postérité.
Démocrates de tous bords, restons vigilants et mobilisés !
Thierno Bocoum
Juriste
Ancien parlementaire
Président AGIR
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